NIT Dashboard — Integrated Institutional Accounts, Indonesia
Quarterly 2016–2024 · Statistics Indonesia (BPS) · Trillion IDR
Quarterly 2016–2024 · Statistics Indonesia (BPS) · Trillion IDR
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Capital's share has overtaken labor's, and the gap shows no sign of closing.
Long-run: Compensation of Employees (D.1) fell from a 2016–2019 average of 40.3% to 36.0% by 2021–2024, while Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) rose from 36.5% to 39.7% over the same periods. Tax components and Gross Mixed Income held broadly flat.
Before vs. after COVID-19: The 2020 shock compressed Compensation of Employees (D.1) to a 37.3% average and it never rebounded — settling permanently lower at 36.0% post-COVID. Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) recovered quickly and peaked at 43% in Q3 2022, driven by the commodity price boom, cementing the reversal of the labor–capital balance.
GVA nearly doubled in nine years; the operating surplus drove the post-COVID surge.
Long-run: Total GVA grew from 2,929 T (Q1 2016) to 5,675 T (Q4 2024). All components expanded in absolute terms, but Gross Operating Surplus grew the fastest — from 1,106 T to 2,128 T — while Compensation of Employees grew more moderately, from 1,167 T to 2,054 T.
Before vs. after COVID-19: Q2 2020 was the simultaneous trough across all components (GVA 3,691 T). Recovery was rapid; by 2021 every component had exceeded its pre-pandemic peak. Gross Operating Surplus then surged to 2,186 T by Q1 2022 — well above its pre-COVID ceiling — propelled by elevated global commodity prices.
COVID permanently swapped the positions of labor and capital in Indonesia's income distribution.
Long-run: Compensation of Employees (D.1) fell 4.3 pp (40.3%→36.0%) while Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) rose 3.2 pp (36.5%→39.7%). Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) held stable in the 18–21% band with no directional trend.
Before vs. after COVID-19: Pre-2020, Compensation of Employees (D.1) led Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) by 3.8 pp; post-2021 the positions inverted — a 3.7 pp reversal. The 2022 commodity boom pushed Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) to 43%, its highest recorded share.
Household Primary Income (B.5g) is the total income accruing to the household sector before any redistribution through taxes or social transfers. It equals the sum of four components: Compensation of Employees (D.1) — wages and salaries received by household members as workers; Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) — income from self-employment and unincorporated household enterprises, where labor and capital returns cannot be separated; Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) — returns on assets owned directly by households (e.g. rental property); and Net Property Income (D.4) — interest, dividends, and other investment income received, net of property income paid (e.g. mortgage interest). B.5g is the household sector's claim on national income at the primary distribution stage — before the government redistributes income through taxes and transfers.
Wages still dominate, but unincorporated enterprise income has been gaining ground — a shift that may reflect growing informality, self-employment, or entrepreneurship, and one that COVID appears to have entrenched.
Long-run: Compensation of Employees (D.1) accounted for 63.9% of household primary income on average pre-COVID, declining to 60.9% post-2021. Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) rose correspondingly from 29.7% to 33.2%. Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) and Net Property Income (D.4) each remain small at around 3%, though the latter shows marked quarterly volatility driven by dividend seasonality.
Before vs. after COVID-19: The 2020 shock compressed the wage share to 60.2% as formal employment contracted. Household Compensation of Employees (D.1) share partially stabilised at 61% post-COVID, suggesting some wage recovery — but the structural gain in Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) (33.2% post-COVID vs. 29.7% pre-COVID) points to a lasting expansion of unincorporated household enterprise activity, potentially including informal work, gig employment, and small-scale entrepreneurship.
Household income nearly doubled in nine years, with mixed income outpacing wages in growth rate.
Long-run: Household Primary Income (B.5g) grew from 1,831 T (Q1 2016) to 3,390 T (Q4 2024). Compensation of Employees (D.1) rose from 1,162 T to 2,048 T (+76%), while Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) expanded faster — from 561 T to 1,191 T (+112%) — reflecting rapid growth in the self-employed and informal sector.
Before vs. after COVID-19: The wage trough was Q3 2020 (1,361 T), well below the pre-COVID average of 1,455 T. Recovery was swift — wages exceeded pre-COVID levels by Q1 2021. Mixed income proved more resilient, barely dipping in 2020, then surging in 2022 alongside the commodity boom that benefited smallholder farmers and traders.
A persistent secular rise in Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) share points to growing unincorporated enterprise activity — potentially reflecting deeper informality, self-employment, or entrepreneurship — a trend COVID appears to have permanently accelerated.
Long-run: Compensation of Employees (D.1) share fell from 63.9% to 60.9% (2016–2019 vs. 2021–2024 averages) while Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) rose from 29.7% to 33.2%, narrowing the gap by 6.5 pp. Gross Operating Surplus (B.2g) held flat at 3.3%; Net Property Income (D.4) is the most volatile, with quarterly spikes driven by dividend seasonality.
Before vs. after COVID-19: The gap between Compensation of Employees (D.1) and Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) shrank from 34.2 pp pre-2020 to 27.7 pp post-2021. Gross Mixed Income (B.3g) has remained above 33% in every quarter since Q3 2020 — consistent with a lasting shift toward unincorporated household enterprise activity that prior shocks did not produce, though whether this reflects informality or broader entrepreneurial expansion cannot be determined from this data alone.